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What is Noun Clause?

NOUN CLAUSES

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.

An independent clause (or main clause) is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of sentence.

A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.

A noun phrase is used as subject or an object.

A noun clause is used as a subject or an object. In other words, a noun clause is used in the some ways as a noun phrase.

Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:

1.     A noun clause can be a subject of a verb.

What Billy did shocked his friends.

2.     A noun clause can be an object of a verb.

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

3.     A noun clause can be a subject compliment.

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

4.     A noun clause can be an object of a preposition.

Marry is not responsible for what Billy did.

5.     A noun clause can be an adjective complement.

Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

Functions of Nouns Clauses that is:

ü  Noun clause as Subject of a sentence.

How he becomes so rich makes people curious.

ü  Noun clause as Object of a transitive verb.

I know what you mean.

Verb can be followed by a noun phrase, inn this case followed by phrase “that-clause”, among others:

Admit Realize Announce Recommend Believe Remember Deny Expect Say See Forget Stipulate

Hear Suggest Inform Suppose Know Think Promise Understand Propose wish

Ø  Noun clauses as Object of a preposition

Be careful of what you’re doing.

Ø  Noun clause as Complement

The good news is that the culprit has been put into the jail

Ø  Noun clause as Noun in apposition

The idea that people can live without oxygen is unreasonable.

NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH A QUESTION WORD

1.     Question Where does she live? What did he say? When do they arrive?	1.     Noun Clause (a)   I do not know where she lives (b)  I couldn’t hear what he said (c)   Do you know when they arrived	In (a): where she lives is the object of the verb know, in a noun clause, the subject precedes the verb. Do not use question word order in a noun clause. Notice: does, did, and do are used in questions but not in noun clauses. See Appendix unit B for more information about question words and question forms.
Who lives there? What happened? Who is at the door?	(d)  I do not know who lives there (e)   Please tell me what happened (f)   I wonder who is at the door	In (d): the word order is the same in both the question and the noun clause because who is the subject In both.
Who is she? Who are those men? Whose is that?	(g)  I do not know who she is (h)  I do not know who those men are (i)    I wonder whose home that is	In (g):  she is the subject of the question, so it is placed in front of the verb be in the noun clause.
What did he say? What should they do?	(j)    What she said surprised me. (k)  What they should do is obvious.	In (j): what she said is the subject of the sentence, Notice: in (k): a noun clause subject takes a singular verb.

NOUN CLAUSES BEGININNG WITH WHETHER OR IF

Yes/no question: Will she come? Does he need help?	Noun Clause a.      I don’t know whether she will come. I don’t know if she will come. b.     I wonder whether he needs help. I wonder if he needs help.	When a yes/no question is changed to a noun clause, whether or if is used to introduce the clause. NOTE: whether is more acceptable in formal English, but if is quite commonly used, especially in speaking.
	c.      I wonder whether or not she will come. d.     I wonder whether she will come or not. e.      I wonder if she will come or not.	In (c), (d), and (e): notice the patterns when or not is used.
	Whether she comes or not is unimportant to me.	In (f): Notice that the noun clause is the subject position.

NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH THAT

1.     Statement: He is a good actor The world is around	1.     Noun Clause a.     I think that he is a good actor. b.     I think he is good actor. c.      We know (that) the world is around.	In (a): that he is a good actor in a noun clause, it is used the object of the verb think. The word that, when it introduces a noun clause, has no meaning in itself. It simply marks the beginning of the clause. Frequently it is omitted, as in (b), especially in speaking if used in speaking, it is unstressed.
She doesn’t understand spoken English	a.      That she doesn’t understand spoken English is obvious. b.     It is obvious (that) she doesn’t understand spoken English. c.      That world is round is a fact. d.     It is a fact that the world is round.	In (d): The noun clauses (That she doesn’t understand spoken English) is the subject of the sentence. The word that is omitted when it introduces a noun clause used as the subject of a sentence, as in (d), and (f) more commonly, the word it functions as the subject and the noun clause is placed as the end of the sentence, as in (e) and (g).

Adjective Clause

Adjective Clauses

        A.    Introduction: Let’s remember …..

	Definition		Example
Clause	A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.	Sue lives in Tokyo Where does Sue live?
Independent Clause	An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of s sentence. (It is also called “a main clause.”)	Sue lives in Tokyo Where does Sure live?
Dependent Clause	A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.	Where Sue live?
Adjective Clause	An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about noun. (An adjective clause is also called “a relative clause.”)	Students who are intelligent understand adjectives.
Adjective Clause Pronouns	An adjective clause uses pronouns to connect the dependent clause to the independent clause. (Adjective clause pronouns are called “relative pronouns.”)	Students whom I admire want to become English teachers.

There are 7 words which introduce clauses:

Pronoun	Use	Example
Who	Used for humans in subject position.	Hans, who is an architect, lives in Berlin.
Whom	Used for humans in object position.	Marike, whom Hans knows well, is an interior decorator.
Which	Used for things and animals in subject or object position.	Marike has a dog Which follows her everywhere
That	Used for humans and, animals and things in subject or object position.	Marike is decorating a house that Hans designed.
Whose	Used to show possession	The people whose house we visited yesterday were kindly.
Where	Used in an adjective clause to modify a place (city, country, room, house, etc.)	This class where my friends and I study with a lecture is comfortable.
When	Used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time (year, day, time, country, etc.)	Monday when I will come to your home is the day.

       1.     ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE SUBJECT

Example	Explanation
I thanked the woman She helped me      a.      I thanked the woman who helped me.      b.     I thanked the woman that helped me.	I thanked the woman = An independent clause. Who helped me = An adjective clause The adjective clause modifies the noun “woman”
The book is on the table It is mine      c.      The book which is on the table is mine.      d.     The book that is on the table is mine.	Who is the subject of the adjective clause. That is the subject of the adjective clause. (a, b, c and d) have the same meaning
An adjective clause closely follows the noun it modifies

        2.     ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONONS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB

Example	Expalantion
The man was Mr. Junes. I saw him.      a.      The man who(m) I saw was Mr. Junes.      b.     The man that I saw was Mr. Junes.      c.      The man I was Mr. Junes.	The adjective clause pronouns are placed at the beginning of the clause.
The snacks aren’t very delicious. We ate it yesterday in the movie.     a.      The snacks which we ate yesterday in the movie aren’t delicious.     b.     The snacks that we ate yesterday in the movie aren’t delicious.     c.      The snacks we ate yesterday in the movie aren’t delicious.	As object pronoun is often omitted from an adjective clause. (a subject pronoun, however, may not be omitted).

        3.     ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION

Example	Explanation
She is the woman. I told you about her.      a.      She is the woman about whom I told you.      b.     She is the woman whom I told you about.      c.      She is the woman that I told you about.      d.     She is the woman I told you about.	Formal English: the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause.
The film was enjoyable. I and my friends watched it last week.      a.      The film to which I and my friends watched last week was enjoyable.     b.     The film which I and my friends watched to last week was enjoy.      c.      The film that I and my friends watched to last week was enjoy.     d.     The film I and my friends watched last week was enjoyable.	If preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause, only whom or which may be used.

        4.     USING WHOSE

Example	explanation
I know an actress. Her voice is sweet.      a.      I know an actress whose voice is sweet.	a.      Whose is used to show possession. b.     Whose is connected a noun. c.      It carries the same meaning as other possessive pronouns used as the adjectives: His, her, their, and its. d.     Her voice – whose voice Their paper – whose paper
The students have written well. A teacher reads their paper. The student whose paper a teacher read have written well
Mrs. Nurul has a fishing. Its cost is very expensive. Mrs. Nurul has a fishing whose cost is very expensive.	Whose usually modifies people, but it may be used to modify things.

        5.     USING WHERE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Example

Explanation

The garden is very beautiful. You meet with your boyfriend there in the garden.     a.      The garden where you meet with your boyfriend is very beautiful.     b.     The garden in which you meet with your boyfriend is very beautiful.     c.      The garden which you meet with your boyfriend is very beautiful.    d.     The garden that you meet with your boyfriend is very beautiful.      e.      The garden you meet with your boyfriend is very beautiful.

Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place (city, country, house, room, so on). If where is used, a preposition is not included in the adjective clause. If where is not used, the preposition must be included.

 

        6.     USING WHEN IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Example	Explanation
I never forget the day. I have first date with you.      a.      I never forget the day when I have first date with you.      b.     I never forget the day on which I have first date with you.      c.      I never forget the day that I have first date with you.      d.     I never forget the day I have first date with you.	When is used in adjective clause to modify a noun of time (year, month, century, day, etc.) The use of a preposition in an adjective clause that modifies a noun in other adjective clauses: a preposition is used to preceding which as in (b). Otherwise, the preposition is omitted.